1, become
Becoming rock deeply is rock thick liquid when the depths of the earth's crust congeal the rock that becomes. Since cooling process is slow and more even, at the same time, the pressure of overburden is again pretty helpful to form the crystallization of rock mineral , therefore , forms more obvious crystalline grain, do not form close big piece through other glued materials. It is little to inhale water rate deeply high into the compressive strength of rock, apparent density and thermal conductivity are big; Since hole rate is little, therefore, may polish , but is hard to be hard to process.
Constructing general have
2, spray
It is that rock thick liquid has undergone the pressure of rapid reduction when spraying the earth's surface to spray rock and cool fast form. The influence in this kind of condition takes off , rock thick liquid has not enough time to form crystallization completely body, and is also impossible to form thick crystallization body completely. So spraying rock to submit frequently the glass quality structural, small crystallization of non crystallization Yin Jing quality structure, as well as when the rock rising of thick liquid the thick crystal that has formed the built-in spot form structure in above-mentioned two structures. The rock of this kind of structure is easy morals.
When spray rock to form very thick, its structure and nature are close to become rock deeply; When forming more thin rock stratum, since it is cooling rapid, majority forms glass quality structural and porous structure.
Project in general spray
3 , volcano
When volcano is broken out , rock thick liquid is spraied in air, since cool is very rapid, pressure reduces rapidly , fall down form have is inattentive and porous , apparent density little glass quality is material to be called as scattered grain volcano rock; When breaking up , grain volcano rock accumulation gets overburden pressure role together and the natural glued material in rock is glued, form glued volcano rock, such as superficial stone.
( 2) sedimentary
Sedimentary rock is to show the various rocks of the earth's surface( igneous rock , go bad rock the sedimentary rock that issue forms quickly ), under the role of outside force, go through morals , carry, deposit and become 4 rock stages, when the earth's surface and the land of not quite deep underground square the rock that becomes. Its major feature is to submit layer form, appearance is multilayer to manage and contain to move , plant fossil. The minerals contained in sedimentary rock are rich , have coal, petroleum, manganese, iron and aluminium , Lin , lime stone and salt rock.
Sedimentary rock covers an area of the 5% of shell quality only, but its distribution is very broad, about to cover an area of the 75% of shell surface product, therefore it is a kind of important rock.
In building, general sedimentary
( 3) go
Go bad rock is original in the earth's crust rock( include igneous rock, sedimentary rock and previous generation go bad rock), because of the influence of the rock campaign and structure sport of thick liquid, original rock goes bad ( recrystallization, make mineral composition and structural etc. occur change) the new rock that forms. Is general, from igneous rock go bad become is called as is going bad rock, the name gone bad from sedimentary rock set goes bad rock. According to the earth's crust quality idea, go bad rock takes 65%.
Building in general go bad
2, decorate
The natural stone material desolate material picked by stone pit or the big piece artificial stone base that large scale factory production makes is expected , need to press user to ask that processing becomes the product of various panels or special shapes. It is cut that the processing of stone material has saw normally and surface processing.
( Yi)
Cuting to cut is to expect natural
Cuting the equipment of cuting have mainly frame saw( row saw), the saw of disk type and wire rope saw etc.. Cut to cut the hard stone materials such as granite stone or greater specification stone material, use frame saw frequently, saw cuts the little specification below medium hardness stone material , may cut with disk type.
The saw stone principle of frame saw is the iron of Jia-Shui sand or silicon sand sprinkles into the bottom of saw blade, the( bring shape flat steel bar) tape of saw blade that gets certain pressure iron sand reciprocates on stone to move , arising is rubed and cuting make stone.
Disc is cut by frame and saw flat regular frame and rises and falls and rises and falls to install and cut the compositions such as flat. Large scale saw flat diameters has 1.25 - 2.5 m, but process the stone material with high 1 - 1.2 m. Saw flat is hard alloy or diamond edge, it is more extensive that the latter uses. Saw flat cut stone mechanism is , sawtooth is rubed for rock impact , realizes crystallization mineral breakage into little broken piece to cut.
( 2) surface
Cuting the panel surface quality cut is not high , need to carry out surface processing. Surface processing requirement has various forms: It is thick to grind , grinds and polishes carefully , flame dries hair and chisel hair.
It is thick mill, thin mill, half thin mill, shrewd mill and 5 polished etc. processes to grind process general minute. Grinding equipment have to rocker arm type hand , support lapping machine and bridge-type automatic lapping machine. The former usually processes used in little , the latter processes the panel above 1 m2. Abrasive multi-purpose carbonization silicon adds bond( resin and Gao Lu cement etc.), or use the carborundum of 60-1000 net.
Polishing is stone material grinds the finally a process of processing. After carrying out this process, will make stone material surface have the ability of biggest reflection light as well as good smooth degree makes the built-in figure color and luster of stone material show to the maximum extent.
The domestic polished
1 , felt - - rough sour polished law: Is suitable
2 , felt - - alumina polishes law: Is suitable for polishing sunset clouds, ink jade and the stone materials such as purple beans petal, Hang Hui and northeast bonus. These stone material hardnesses are more the first kind of and high.
3 . the white corundum polished law of grinding stone: It is green to be suitable for polishing gold and jade and red east , Jinan the stone materials such as green, white brave ravine. Before these stone materials use , two kinds of polished law does not be easy to polish.
Temperature woollen processing is to cut to cut rear granite panel , carries out surface temperature hair using flame thrower , makes it recover natural surface. Temperature woollen rear slabstone loses rock scrap first with the brush of steel wire , and then uses the high voltage of mixed liquor of glass dregs and water to spray to blow , or is ground with the lapping machine of by hand of nylon fiber group, so as make surface color and Chu sense satisfies requirement.
Chisel surface to process
As granite slabstone material and the marble
The natural stone
One , build
Building to build stone material is used to construct basic, wall body. Building to build stone material according to processing appearance, minute is material stone , flat hair stone and confused woollen stone.
( Yi)
Material stone is that processing becomes
1 , fines stone. Via thin processing,
2 , half fines stone. Appearance
3, it is thick to expect stone.
( 2) flat hair
Flat hair stone is shape anomaly, but there
2, decoration
( one) chemical composition
In natural decoration stone material, what apply at most is marble, it abounds in because of Yunnan Dali and gets name. Marble is from lime rock and white cloud rock under high temperature and high voltage mineral new crystallization goes bad become. Its crystallization unties stone or dolomite composition mainly by side, have compact Yin Jing structure. Pure marble is white, weigh white marble ,such as, in the process of going bad , mixing the figure, spot and color that will arise difference into other impurity. If contain carbon to submit , it is black; It is red to contain ferric oxide to submit rose color and orange; Contain oxidize Ya-Tie, copper and nickel to submit green; Contain manganese to submit purple color. The major chemical composition of marble such as table 5-1.
The major chemical
Composition CaO MgO SiO2 Al2O3
Content( %) 28-54 13-22 3-23 0.5-2.5
The major composition of marble has corrosion role for salt kind and the acid material contained in oxidize calcium, air and rain for it. Besides a few of kinds( wait as white marble and Ai Ye Qing), its general is used in is indoor.
Stone pit the marble piece that mines is called as desolate material, by saw, cut and polish the rear marble decoration panel of making. Spot piece and color, stripe and the compact structure of marble natural generation may form bright and clean fine and smooth natural veins.
( 2) the kind
Natural marble stone quality is fine
1 . single color marble: Such as pure white white marble and snowflake white; Pure dark ink jade and China are dark to wait , is high-grade wall surface the important material of decoration and relief decoration, also use to make various mesas.
2 . cloud grey marble: Cloud grey marble bottom is grey, there are natural cloud form veins frequently on grey bottom surface, do spray stone with the name of water ripple. Cloud grey marble veins are beautiful and grace , processability can be good , it is the kind used in the decorations material of face plate at most.
3 , Cai colored marble: Cai colored marble is the form structure of thin layer, after polishing , present the natural drawing of gorgeous various colors. Through selecting and grinding meticulously, may make the scenery formed by natural veins, flowers and trees and the marble painted screens such as the insect fish of birds and beasts , is the best in marble.
( 3) natural marble
There are the place of production of many marbles, on world with the marble that Italy produces , it is most famous and precious. Domestic nearly every province, city and autonomous region produce marble. Marble panel is for strength , unit weight , inhale water rate and wearability etc. besides do not do requirement, sight quality, glossiness and color figure as appraisement index. Natural marble panel names according to pattern, feature and the place of production of raw material. The specification of the structural and marble panel of marble see table 5-2 and 5-3.
Table 5 - 2 parts
The marble kind color major
Snow wave autumnal scenery Jing white Hang Hui Hong of tiger fur the cream red eastern green snowflake in vain pale jade white tape of white marble of 2.202302804E+16 trillion black figure shallow brown tape form figure the snow-white, white shallow grey bottom tape figure grey tape white figure shallow pink color pure white color milky white color milky white color side of light green unties stone side to untie stone and white water mica side untie stone side to untie stone forgive to untie stone side untie stone side to untie stone, dolomite snake veins stone and side untie stone and olive rock dolomite particulate to change Jing , mosaic structure tiny in Jing structure , thin grain structure granular change Jing structure Yin Jing quality structural particle Yin Jing structural granite structural fiber reticulated shelf changes in Jing structure , thin grain changes Jing structural granite structure
The marble panel
Length( mm) width( mm) thickness( mm) length(
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Place of production and
Table 5 - the major performance
Kind name color apparent density( g/cm3) compressive
Snow wave white ashen Huang
Grey Huang Shi of 2.71 94.8
Hang Hui is grey , 63 white veins
2.63 67 59.6 red cream shallow
The 42 milky white color
The red eastern green color
The snowflake in vain milky
Pale jade milky white color
( 4) application
Various marble natural conditions have greater
Table 5 - 5 days
Capacity( t/m3) strength( MPa) inhales water
Resisting
2.6-2.8 70-260 8-24 10-20 <1 6.5-10.2 40-100
Natural marble quality is compact but has not large hardness, is easy to process, chisel and carve and grind flat, polished etc.. After marble is polished , bright and clean fine and smooth, veins nature is smooth , has very high decoration. Marble inhales water rate is little, endurance is high , may use 40-100 year.
Natural marble panel and different profile product are indoor and furniture the important material made. Used in the large scale public architectural indoor wall surfaces such as hotel, show hall, market, airport and station, ground, stairs pedal, fence board, mesa, windowsill board and step etc., is also used in furniture mesa and indoor outside furniture.
3, decoration
( Yi) granite chemical
Granite stone is major composition with quartz, long stone and mica. In which, long stone content is 40%-60%, quartz content is 20%-40%, its color depends on the quantity and kind of composition contained. Granite stone is the rock of whole crystallization structure, high quality granite stone crystalline grain is thin and even , has close structure there are many, quartz contents , long stone lustre is bright , have no 9
The 2 oxidize silicon contents of granite stone are higher , belong to acid rock. Some granite stones contain trace radioactive element, it is indoor that this kind of granite stone should avoid to be used in. Granite stone structure is compact , has hard quality , acid-resisting alkali and weatherability are good, may when outdoor use for a long time. The major chemical composition of granite stone sees table 5-6.
The granite stone
Composition SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO
Content( %) 67-76 12-17 0.1-2.7 0.5-1.6 0.2-0.9
( 2) granite
Natural granite stone
1, cut axe panel: Stone material surface handles work to cut axe processing, surface is rough, have regular form axe veins. Surface quality sense is rugged , is used to guard against slippery ground, step and base.
2 . machine plane panel: Stone material surface mechanical plane levels , surface is neat , has mutually parallel plane to cut veins , being used in and cuting axe panel such as use, but, surface quality sense is more fine and smooth.
3 . thick mill panel: Stone material surface process
4 . polished panel: Stone material surface process is shrewd to grind and polish processing, surface neat shine and granite crystal structural veins are clear, color is gorgeous, is used in needs high lustre cylinder, ground and the wall surface of smooth surface effect.
( 3) specification
Granite slabstone material is named with
Table 5 - the name of
Name pattern
Jinan green in vain brave ravine general red Lai Zhou white Lai Zhou Qing Lai Zhou Hong Lai Zhou Zong between dark black tape little in vain some meat powder ribbon shading black palm red shallow ash the little spot piece white dark base green in vain some pink base deeply grey some dark base palm point of black spot
The product of thick mill granite stone
The granite slabstone
Long generous long
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The glossiness of Table
The panel panel
It is first
The Jinan green Jinan green Jinan green milky white 9090908585
( 4) granite
Granite structure is compact, compressive strength is high, it is low to inhale water rate, surface hardness is big, chemical stability is good, endurance is strong, but fire-resistantance is lacked. Granite stone performance reference value sees table 5-10.
The physical mechanics
The index( t/m3) strength of unit weight( MPa) inhales water rate( %)
Resisting
2.5-2.7 120-250 8.5-15 13-19 <1 5.6-7.3 75-200 8 11 of
Granite is a kind of fine architectural stone material, it may be also used to build to build house and enclosure frequently, used in foundation, pier, step and road surface, especially, it is to polish by the granite of a whole piece 100 t to apply to to construct the people's heroic monument before the Tian'anmen and building that has memorial. In the large scale building of each big city of our country, it has been extensive to be the major material of building upright surface with granite. May also decorate used in indoor ground and pillar, wearability requirement high mesa and step tramp. Since repairing to chisel and spread to paste, take a lot of work , therefore is the decoration material of a kind of higher price.
On industry, granite
Place of production and
Table 5 - the major performance
Kind name color apparent density( g/cm3)
In vain brave ravine pink
Granite stone shallow grey
Granite stone red grey 2.61
Granite stone pink 2.58 180.4
2.62 171.3 97.8 installs Japan-China
The Xiamen in vain ashen Xiamen
The dragon stone south of
Big black and white some ashen
The artificial
Point at artificial marble and artificial granite as artificial stone material, with the application of artificial marble, it is relatively extensive. Since the finished cost of natural stone material is high, modern architectural decoration field adopts artificial stone material frequently. It is light that it has weight , strength high, decoration winner , is anti-corrosive , endure pollutive, production technology the advantages such as simple as well as construction convenience, thus have gotten extensive application.
Artificial marble has had the history of 40 years abroad, Italy has produced cement base artificial marble colored brick in 1948 , the countries such as Germany, Japan and former Soviet Union have also gotten greater score in the aspect of application, production and the research of artificial marble. Since artificial marble production technology and equipment are simple, many developing countries have also produced artificial marble.
The last stage of our country of 70 decade just begins to introduce artificial marble technology and equipment by foreign countries, but it is extremely quick to develop , quality, output and pattern kind rising very quickly.
Artificial stone material divides into 4 kinds according to the raw material of use: Cement type artificial stone material, resin type artificial stone material, composite artificial stone material and sintering type artificial stone material.
Artificial marble can get more
( 1) capacity more natural stone material is little, normally, it is the 80% of natural marble and granite stone. Therefore, it thick is the 40% of natural stone material normally only, so, may reduce building weight substantially , have facilitated transportation and construction.
( 2) is acid-resisting. As natural marble,
( 3) manufacture is easy. Artificial stone production technology and equipment are not complex , raw material is easy, tone and figure may be designed according to needs, may also make the product with complex shape relatively easily.
1 , cement
It is that the sand with cement as binder is thin bone material, broken marble, granite and industrial waste residue etc. are expected for thick bone, go through burden , stir and become type and pressurization to steam to raise , polished, polished etc. process makes. Usually, the cement used is metasilicate cement , now also uses aluminium sour brininess mud to make binder , having surface glossiness with the artificial marble that it makes is high , have durable figure , resist morals, fire-resistantance and dampproofness to be better than general artificial marble. Because of the major mineral composition of aluminium sour brininess mud - - aluminium sour a calcium hydration, have generated the colloid of aluminum hydroxide , contact in the process of condensing , with smooth shuttering surface , form the gel layer of aluminum hydroxide; At the same time, the colloid of aluminum hydroxide fills constantly in hardening process to squeeze in the woollen thin hole of cement stone , form compact structure. So, product surface is smooth, have lustre to submit semitransparent form just.
2 , resin
This kind of artificial stone material is so as do not saturate polyester is binder, untie stone powder etc. with quartz sand, marble and side to stir mixture , casting becomes type, go through solidify and take off mould, bake and polished etc. process system to become. Now, domestic and international artificial marble so as assemble fat type is many. The viscidity of this kind of resin is low, easy to solidify into type and normal temperature. Its product glossiness has rarely bright color well , may regulate.
3 , composite
In the binder of this kind of stone material, have machine material , and have the organic material of high polymer. Use inorganic packing first inorganic adhesive is glued to become type. After maintaining , soak base substrate in organic monomer again , make it get together under certain condition. The base material of panel product will adopt inorganic material, its performance is stabilized and has lower price; Facing may make with polyester and marble powder in order to get the decoration effect of the best. Inorganic cementing material may ache with the rapid mud, white cement and aluminium of hard water brininess mud as well as half water gypsum. Organic monomer may adopt styrene and shell base third Xi sour shell ester, the ethylene of acetic acid and third Xi Jing , 2 chlorine ethylenes and Ding Er Xis etc., these resins may use or make up use alone, may also mix use with polymer.
4 , sintering
The production technology of production technology and pottery of the artificial stone material of this kind of type is similar , is to mix oblique long stone, quartz, augite, stone powder and the red powder of iron mine and kaolin etc. , becomes bad material after normally using the mine powder mud of making of 40% of clays and 60%s, with the note legal system of thick liquid , and then becomes type with the half dry method of pressing , by the high temperature around 1000鈩? roast and become.
6th Zhang
In architectural decoration project, pottery is the one of most ancient decoration material. Along with the development of modern science and technology, pottery has got huge change in the aspect of pattern, kind and performance, is more and more for modern architectural decorate project to have brought have the material of practicality decoration simultaneously. In architectural project, application is very universal.
The consumption figure of world-wide decoration potteries is very huge, major consumer region takes 53% approximately in Europe , is American secondly. In America, decoration pottery has walked out of kitchen and bathroom , becomes the decoration material that luxury house uses frequently.
In last 10 years, the architectural sanitary pottery profession of our country has got considerable development. The annual average growth rates of sanitary pottery and the brick of architectural pottery are 41.7% and 19.2% respectively. Since rank world in pairs from the sanitary pottery output and brick of architectural pottery of 1993 years first, China has become world sanitary pottery to produce number one large country. In 2001, the brick output of architectural pottery takes the 41% of world total output around, sanitary pottery output takes the 25% of world total output around, steady house world is first.
Pottery, or claim to burn earth product. Denote the type of going through with clay as major raw material , roast the material that becomes. Pottery strength is high, fire-resistant, durable , acid-resisting alkali corrosion , endure water , is wear-resisting , is easy to wash , besides, production is simple, so use is extensive, nearly apply go to every field of spaceflight from family.
The pottery production of our country has the achievement of long history and radiance. Especially porcelain wares, it is the one of great invention of our country. Tang acting Zhao Jiao celadon and punishment kiln white porcelain and tri-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty; Song the acting color glaze and iron department of high temperature colored glaze, as rabbit milli and oil drop Dai Mao spot; It is clear to settle powder enamel and the green flower of period , holds a memorial ceremony for bonus , the products such as Lang Yao Hong is the pottery history polishing of our country Cai dazzling bright pearl. The pottery product of our country no matter have very high technology and artistic attainments in the aspect of material quality, image or decoration.
In modern architectural decoration pottery, what apply at most is glazed tile , floor tile and brocade brick. Their kind and color reach hundreds of surplus kinds , and return when emerge constantly new kind. As the relief surface of Japan the sound-absorbing surface of brick and Germany the light quality foaming surface of brick and Australia the crystallization surface of brick and our country brick etc..
The basic knowledge
Product characteristic
Divide from line of the products, pottery may divide into pottery and porcelain wares. Pottery usually has , is greater to inhale water rate( is larger than 10%), section is rough to have no light, the not transparent sound, knocked is thick and dumb , may use glaze or does not use glaze. The base substrate of porcelain wares is compact , does not inhale water basically, strength is high, wear-resisting, semitransparent, usual to use glaze. Additionally, a kind of product is been situated between between pottery and porcelain wares, is called as Shi ware, also weigh half porcelain. Shi the difference of ware and pottery lies in that pottery base substrate is porous, Shi the ware hole rate of base substrate is very low; Its major difference of porcelain wares is Shi ware majority has no translucence just with color.
Pottery divides into crude pottery and fine pottery. The bad material of crude pottery is formed by the sand clay that contains impurity comparatively , constructing general brick, tile and earthen-ware pipe etc. belong to this kind of product. Fine pottery points at base substrate to submit white or the porous product of ivory color is raw material with plasticity clay, kaolin, long stone and quartz etc.. It is firing that fine pottery will usually burn by plain temperature and glaze twice. Constructing general glazed tile belong to fine pottery.
Shi ware according to the closeness of its base substrate , even degree and rough degree minute is thick Shi ware and thin Shi ware. Constructing the floor tile as well as acid-resisting chemical pottery and exterior wall tile used for decorating etc. belong to thick Shi ware. Daily use Shi ware and furnishings article, as the famous suitable mood of our country purple sand pottery is a kind of have no glaze thin Shi ware. Shi thermal stability and the mechanical strength of ware are better than porcelain wares , and cost is lower.
Characteristic and the
The pottery
Classification
According to structure classify with performance crude pottery fine pottery Shi the ware special porcelain big jar of porcelain wares of daily use, brick and the tile utensil of daily use , Cai pottery, the decoration ware of glazed tile of big jar, exterior wall tile, brocade brick, floor tile, the utensil meal tea set of daily use of daily use and furnishings porcelain , news porcelain, the appliance cermet of fine arts, corundum porcelain, carbide and silicon melt thing porcelain
Draw according to the function classification sanitary pottery wall garden pottery ancient clean of glazed tile of floor tile of architectural pottery, convenient ware, container white or decoration glazed tile and ceramic tile , the word floor tile of ceramic tile and the scene of brocade brick ( mosaic ) basin, vase glazed tile, the decoration of colored glaze and the product of colored glaze
The characteristic
Name characteristic
Color inhales
The ware of crude pottery
Ware lime quality long stone quality white 18-229 -
Shi ware thick Shi ware thin Shi ware the tape color white or 4-8 <1 tape color ware and building of big jar use exterior wall tile, brocade brick, the utensil of floor tile of daily use and the chemical industrial article of electrical equipment
The white of porcelain wares
Thickness pottery electronic pottery cermet has the hardnesses such as electric conductivity and electric-optic, is big , the electronic components and parts etc. such as high toughness, is quick, wet and quick as heat , press quick component, it is wear-resisting, high temperature resistant and resists oxidize material, such as rocket spray nozzle
2 and pottery
( Yi)
Clay is from the mixture of various mineral composition. Plasticity is the major raw material of the pottery production of base substrate. Clay classifies according to habit, have 4 kinds and it has some following natures:
1 . kaolin: It is the most pure
2 . viscous earth: For raw clay,
3 . leanness clay: It is more hard,
4 . shale: Nature and leanness clay
( 2) quartz
Quartz major composition is SiO2. Quartz when high temperature occurs Jing type change produces volume expansion, may offset base substrate partially firing the contraction of arising, at the same time, quartz may raise chemical stability, hardness, transparency and the wearability of glaze.
( 3) length
Grow stone in pottery production may make flux in order to reduce the firing temperature of pottery product. It and quartz a when the glass form material after high temperature melts and forms is glaze Cai the major composition of layer.
( 4) talcum
Talcum join may improve thermal stability and the elasticity of glaze layer, widen the scope that melts , may also make forming in base substrate contain magnesium glass, this kind of glass wet expansion is little, can prevent that later stage chaps.
( 5) silicon
Silicon grey stone uses in pottery is more broad, after joining product, can improve the contraction of base substrate obviously , raise the strength of base substrate and reduce firing temperature. Besides, it may still make glaze will not separate out because of gas and produces glaze to soak gentle hole.
The manufacture
Fig.6 - 1 is the basic technological process of pottery manufacture. Seek have expressed the production process of various pottery products briefly, but the adjustment of raw material and the detail of last glaze and firing etc. every process are different, production process is as follows approximately:
( Yi) burden
According to preform requirement matches
( 2) become
According to the preform amount of water content, type method has dry France and half dry France and is wet. If according to technology partition, it has to unclothe mould France and extrusion France , suppresses France , Xuan Pei France.
It is with mould to take off mould law, put mud in which, after hardening , take off mould into type. Extruding law is will plasticity preform from extruder in finalize the design of hole extrusion, cut off according to certain size. The law of suppressing is that the preform that will extrude suppresses again with model. Xuan Pei method uses Lu Lu machine spin cuts the preform of shape symmetry of making.
Base substrate will be dried after certain moisture content talent loading of kiln, the dry quality that influences product well badly has artificial dry and natural dry two methods. As the former, dry with the surplus heat of firing kiln, the latter is placed in the shade to dry first , and then suns trunk.
( 3) firing
It is firing that dry good
Some product when base substrate becomes type , dry rear last glaze, after firing, it is product. Some product when base substrate becomes type after , is dried is plain first to burn , then, last glaze is again firing.
4, the surface
The pottery surface of base substrate is rough, easy stain and decoration effect differ from. Besides the products such as purple sand floor tile, the most pottery products want surface to decorate processing. The most common pottery surface decoration technology is to use glaze layer, colored drawing and decorations gold.
( Yi)
Glaze layer is from high quality quartz , long stone and kaolin etc. make thick liquid for major raw material body, apply in the pottery continuous glass quality layer of base substrate with twice firing surface, have similar some natures of glass, but glaze does not be equal to glass, both has difference.
Glaze layer may improve the surface performance of pottery product and raises its mechanics strength. The pottery product surface that uses glaze layer is smooth, bright , not moisture absorption , do not let in air , is easy to wash.
The kind of glaze is numerous, composition is also complex. According to exterior classification of characteristics, it has clear frit, milk turbid glaze, colored glaze, bright glaze, mat glaze, crystallization glaze and sand golden glaze , lustre glaze, broken veins glaze, pearl smooth glaze, colored glaze and floating glaze.
The method of Shi You has
( 2) colored
When pottery product surface uses Cai material draws pattern figure is the traditional decoration method of pottery. Colored drawing has glaze to take off the minute of colored drawing on colored drawing and glaze.
1 , glaze
When pottery base substrate or plain temperature
Cai material gets the isolation of the surface layer of clear frit to protect , make the pattern of colored drawing will not wear, Cai the harmful metal salt kind for human body in material will not also dissolve. Current domestic merchandise glaze takes off Cai the color kind of material is limited, use handwork basically Cai drawing, have restricted it in the extensive application in pottery product.
2 , the
The colored drawing on glaze uses low temperature on the pottery glaze burnt well Cai material draws pattern figure, is then under lower temperature ( 600 900鈩? is twice firing. Since Cai temperature temperature is low, reason use pigment takes off colored drawing than glaze is many, tone is extremely rich. At the same time, on glaze, colored drawing goes on on high-strength pottery body , therefore may still draw with the methods such as applique, spraying decoration and brush flower besides handwork drawing, production has high efficiency and cheap cost, can industrialize a large quantity of production.
But glaze goes up Cai easy wear, surface has
( 3) decorations
Decorate with the noble metals such as gold, silver, platinum or palladium on pottery surface glaze, this kind of method is confined only to some high-grade meticulous products. Decorations gold is relatively common, the other decoration of noble metal is more few. Golden decoration pottery has bright golden, polished gold and corrosion gold, bright golden decoration golden membrane thicknesses has only 0.5 m, this kind of golden membrane easy wear. Polished golden thickness is higher than bright golden decoration , is more durable. Corroding golden decoration is when glaze applies brush with rare hydrogen fluorine sour solution to have no the glaze part of pitch , make it surface glaze layer corrode. Surface applies a level of polished gold Cai material, after burning system, polished, corrosion surface has no light, it is bright to not corrode surface, form bright dark different golden pattern figure.
The architectural
Construct decoration pottery to be used in the pottery material of building wall surface, ground and sanitary equipment. Major product minute for pottery surface brick, sanitary pottery, large scale pottery decorations face plate and the decoration product of colored glaze. In which, pottery surface brick again includes outside wall surface brick , wall surface brick( glazed tile) and floor tile.
Glazed tile again claims wall surface brick , is used in the slice architectural product of fine pottery of wall decoration. It can not is used in is outdoor, otherwise sun by day , rain Mu , wind blows and freezes , will cause to break to damage. Glazed tile not only has many kinds , and has white, color and pattern , have no the various colors such as smooth, stone light and may joining together various patterns and calligraphy and painting, decoration is stronger, multi-purpose kitchen, toilet, bathroom and hair-cut room , the places such as wall skirt the wall surface of fit up and large scale public place decoration.
Wall floor tile is pottery brocade brick , floor tile and wall surface the total name of brick, their strength is high, wearability, corrosion resistance and fire-resistantance , endure swimming skill is good, again wash easily , do not fade , therefore is used in the decoration of wall surface and ground extensively.
Large scale pottery decorations face plate is a kind of massive decoration pottery product, it is little that it has overcome glazed tile and the wall area of floor tile, in construction, the decoration and trouble of joining together are more lifelike, construction efficiency is higher, is a kind of have development the new-type decoration pottery of the future.
Sanitary pottery is to, with clay, long stone powder and the quartz powder of reduction for major raw material, pour the once after starches type to burn system , then, surface uses the sanitary clean of milk turbid glaze. It is compact that it has structure , porosity is little , strength is big , inhale water rate is little , resist inorganic sour corrosion( hydrogen fluorine acid is excepted ) , the good etc. characteristic of thermal stability, may divide into wash basin, waste pan, urinal, wash ware and water tank , return water curved and small-sized element. Product has white and color, may wait used in kitchen, toilet and laboratory.
Constructing the product of colored glaze is a kind of low temperature Cai the glaze product of architectural pottery, may decorate used in roofing, eaves and wall surface , and may use as architectural component. Include glazed tile( pan tile, can tile and ditch first tile etc.) mainly , the brick of colored glaze( is used to paste surface according to wall, ceremonial arch and ancient tower etc. to decorate ) , the architectural component of colored glaze. It has the strong characteristic of folk art , melts decoration and structural member in one body , gathers enamel American, glaze color American and image America in one body.
A, outside
The pottery that shop pastes in architectural exterior surface material is called as outside wall surface brick. According to surface whether Shi You minute is Cai glaze brick and have no glaze brick. Outside wall surface use, specification, performance and the kind of brick see table 6-3.
The outside wall surface
Kind general specification
Name explanation
Surface has the glaze outside wall furring brick that has pink and white( Cai glaze brick) , yellow, blue, golden, red, green etc. color 2200脳100 12.15 thousand脳75 1 qualities are solid, inhaling water rate does not be larger than 8%, tone is soft, endure water to resist to freeze, it is durable and durable to be used in building outside wall , makes decoration and protection
Surface has no glaze outside wall furring brick(
Line brick surface has
Outside wall upright surface
( one)
Cai glaze brick is the abbreviation
1 , Cai the specification of
( 1) the most common size is 200 mm脳100mm( 810) mm
( 2) according to appearance quality
( 3) permissible variation
- 4 of Table 6 Cai
Basic size( mm) tolerance(
Side long <150
The 卤2 of 150
> 250 卤2.5
The thickness
( 4) surface quality
- 5 of Table 6 Cai
Defect name high-class
Is short of glaze, spot, slight crackle and pinhole , fall down to internal organs, fusion hole, glaze bubble and crack , knock against and peel side , Pei powder , smoke distance brick surface the place of 1 m visual examination, have evidently the brick number of defect does not exceed the distance of 5% brick surface the place of 2 m visual examination, have evidently the brick number of defect does not exceed the distance of 5% brick surface the place of 2 m visual examination, defect is not obvious
The distance of color
( 5) Cai the biggest promise
- 6 of Table 6 Cai
Deformed kind high-class
Central flexibility 卤0.5 0.60+0.80-0.60
The warp degree 卤0.7 of
The side straight degree
The degree 卤0.8 of right
2 , Cai the
( 1) inhale water
( 2) thermal stability: Normally
( 3) frost resistance: According to the stipulation
( 4) wearability: As cover the ground Cai glaze
( 5) endure chemical corrosivity can:
( 2) have no
Have no glaze outside wall furring brick to again weigh wall surface brick, it is to also decorate used in building ground sometimes as the building a kind of housing materials of outside wall decoration.
Glazed tile the sheet form fine pottery that is used in the wall decoration in building product, is again called as wall surface brick. Decorate the wall in building with glazed tile , may make building have unique hygiene , is easy to wash and decorate beautiful effect. In recent years, the domestic and international product of glazed tile is developing to big and thin direction , and develops colored pattern tile energetically.
The quality standard of glazed
1 , kind, shape
According to glaze color,
Press surface shape minute
General specification are: 108 mm脳108mm, 152 mm脳152mm, 200 mm脳200mm, 200 mm脳300mm,
2, technology
( 1) permissible variation
The size deviation
Project size( mm) tolerance(
Length or width
> 152 250 卤0.8
250' >The 卤1 of
Thickness 5+0.4-0.3
5 8%' >The thickness
( 2) appearance
According to appearance quality, it is high-class article and first-class article to divide glazed tile and qualified article 3 grades. Appearance quality must accord with the stipulation of - 8 of Table 6.
( 3) flatness the stipulation
( 4) physics mechanics
The appearance quality
Defect name high-class
Crack, intermediate
Reverse side knocks against
Peel side , fall down to dirty, glaze bubble and spot , Pei powder excess glaze, orange peel glaze and ripple , is short of glaze, pinhole slight crackle, pattern defect and front to knock against to be away from brick surface the place of 1 m visual examination, have no evidently defect distance brick surface the place of 2 m visual examination, defect not obvious distance brick surface the place of 3 m visual examination, defect is not obvious
The flatness of
The size of flatness ( mm ) does
High-class article first
Central flexibility +1.4-0.5+1.8-0.8+2.0-1.2+0.5+0.7+1.0
Warp degree 0.8 1.3 1.5-0.4-0.6-0.8
The physical mechanics
Performance
Inhaling water
It is not split to endure
The average of flexural strength should do not
Whiteness does not
Resist chap go through
Glaze resists chemical
3 and
Floor tile is the pottery material that decoration ground uses. According to its size, minute is two kinds, size is greater to be called as to pave tiles, size is less and more thin to be called as brocade brick( mosaic).
( one) pave tiles
Pave tiles specification pattern many shapes, there is red, white deep Huang Deng Se of pale yellow, divide square, rectangle and hexagon; Glossiness difference has certain roughness, surface is neat or presses , have concave protruding figure; And there is tape glaze and have no glaze. Common size is: 150 mm脳150mm, 100 mm脳200mm, 200 mm脳300mm, 300 mm脳300mm, 300 mm脳400mm and thickness are 8 - 20 mms.
( 2) technical
1, inhale
Red floor tile inhales water
2 , impact
It does not be destroied
3 , thermal
From 150鈩?cold is flawless
4 , other
Adopt disaster because of floor tile Rong clay temperature system becomes , so, its quality is hard, strength is high( compressive strength is 40-400Mpa), wearability has high hardness well( Mohs hardness many more than 7), it is wear-resisting to lose , frost resistance is strong( freeze to melt cycle more than twenty-five times).
( 3) floor tile
Floor tile is used in the building of more dense stream of people frequently, is ground inside, such as the architectural kitchens such as house, shop, hotel, hospital and school and the grounds of corridor and toilet. Floor tile may still protect and decorate with internal and external wall.
In last few years, the pottery product of floor tile is developing towards the direction of big size and muti-function, luxury type. From product specification, angle is seen , has arisen a lot of side lengthes around 500 mm in recent years, even go to the big specification of 1000 mm floor brick, make the product specification of pottery floor tile be near or be suitable to cover the ground stone material use specification frequently. From function, see , have again increased on its traditional function to guard against slippery etc. function. Refering to decoration effect, change is larger, it has no the traditional pattern of glaze single color to break away from product, have appeared to imitate stone type floor tile , imitate porcelain type floor tile , Bo melt the different decoration effects such as floor tile pottery pave tiles.
4 and pottery
Pottery brocade brick is coarse to weigh mosaic , is with high quality porcelain clay burning system become little piece ceramic tile. According to surface nature, minute has no glaze to have glaze and the product without glaze and present every place. Product side length is smaller than 40 mm, again since it has various color and various shape, the pattern similar brocade put together is so called as brocade brick( the abbreviation of assorted brick). Brocade brick pastes on the contrary according to certain pattern on kraft , forms 1ft2( 0.092m2) to unite for one. Pottery brocade brick has resist corrosion , is wear-resisting, fire-resistant , inhale water rate is little , strength is high as well as is easy to wash , not fade etc. characteristic. May hold used in dining room, entrance hall, corridor, toilet and the clean workshop of industrial and civil building and room wall and ground fit up, and may be used to decorate outside wall surface or anyway the places such as line. Construction need not same figure and different color the various beautiful pattern of puting together.
( Yi) pottery the quality
Brocade brick divides into high-class
1, permissible variation
Table 6 - 11 single
Project size( mm) tolerance(
High-class
25 卤1s of 卤0.5' >Length the 25 > 25 卤1s of
4.5 卤0.2 卤0.4' >Thickness 4.04.5 > 4.5 卤0.2
The line of 6-12 brocade
Project size( mm) tolerance(
High-class
The 2-5 line 卤1 of 卤0.6
Unite long 284.0295.0305.0325.0+2.5-0.5+3.5-1.0
Pour: The size deviation
2 , appearance
The limit of brocade brick
Besides, JC456 - 92 for brocade brick inhale
The limit of Table
Defect name expression
Biggest side length does
High-class article
The positive positive positive
Intermediate layer and glaze
Spot and stuck scar , blister , Pei powder, numb surface and ripple , is short of glaze, orange peel glaze and pinhole , fall down to internal organs and fusion hole not obvious is not not obvious and not serious seriously
The hypotenuse of vertex damage grows ( mm) 1.5-2.3 3.5-4.3 2.3-3.5 4.3-5.6 1.5-2.8 3.5-4.9 2.8-4.3 4.9-6.4 hypotenuse length is smaller than the vertex damage of 1.5 mm to allow existence the straight vertex damage of reverse side does not allow when same angle department front promise has a vertex damage
Depth does not be larger than 2 /
Is short of side length( mm) 2-3 5-6 3-5 6-8 3-5 6-9 5-8 9-13 the straight vertex damage of reverse side does not allow when the same surface of a side the same surface of a side side does not allow to have two is short of side; Front promise has two is short of side
Width( mm) 1.5 2.5 2.0 3.0 1.5 3.0 2.0
Depth( mm) 1.5 2.5 2.0 3.0 1.5 2.5 2.0
Warp ( mm) warp not obvious
The 0.2 0.4 0.6 1.0
( 2) pottery
The technical quality
The technical quality
Project
Density inhales water rate compressive strength to use temperature Mohs hardness wear-resisting value the acid-resisting degree degree of alkali resistance endures urgently cold urgent hotance 2.3 - - 2.4 g / cm3 to have no glaze brocade brick do not be larger than 0.2%, glaze brocade brick does not be larger than the glazed tile of 1.0% 15-25 MPa - 20 - - + 100鈩?6- -7 <0.6 > 95% > 84%: Under 140 卤2 鈩? maintain 30min, taking out put into cold water immediately, take out after 5 min, use to apply ink law inspection slight crackle.
Development tendency
In last 20 years, the application scope of architectural pottery and increase quickly with quantity, from the small-scale use of kitchen and toilet to massive indoor outside fit up, architectural pottery has become a kind of important architectural decoration material. Brick product total development tendency is pottery surface: Increase size raises precision and kind many shapes, color is rich, pattern is novel, strength raising and contraction decrease , and are noticed , is supplemental with sanitary clean , coordination is consistent. Construction is to be easy to spread to paste for the requirement of product, it is strong to glue knot, do not be easy to drop.
The new product
1 , pottery
Split tile again claims to break off split brick , is the new-type decoration material kind developed in last few years , minute Cai glaze and have no glaze. May be used in the outside wall of building , the positions such as wall, ground and step. In the beginning of 60 decade, split tile first upraises and gets development in Germany. Since manufacturing engineering is simple , energy consumption is low , use effect is good, gradual is popular in European countries.
Split tile is to mix some kinds of raw materials such as clay, shale and fire-resistant earth according to certain proportion , becomes type by wet, vacuum extrusion , is dried and uses glaze( also may do not use glaze) , sintering , break off is away from( unite a pair brick minute for two pieces of brick) , grading and package etc. process system becomes.
General specification are: 115 mm脳240mm ( 11脳2) mm, 200 mm脳100mm ( 11脳2) mm, 240 mm脳71mm ( 11脳2) mm, 200 mm脳200mm ( 14脳2) mm, 300 mm脳300mm ( 14脳2) mm. The characteristic of split tile lies in that it has ordinary clay brick simultaneously and Cai the property of glaze brick, because of product internal structural feature similar clay brick, so, it has certain strength, impact resistance and frost resistance and may cohesiveness; Surface may use glaze, reason also has the type of suppressing normally Cai the decoration effect of glaze floor tile and may wash sex. Because of this kind of characteristic, the popularization that makes split tile gets the attention of a lot of countries on world, the technical quality of split tile sees table 6-15.
The technical quality
Project design
Resist to fold strength
- 15 circulating fifteen times 20鈩?of frost
Enduring the urgently cold urgent hotance
Inhaling water rate deep color
Acid-resisting alkali ability when the thick sulphuric acid of 70% and the oxy-hydrogen of 20% melt potassium solution in soak 28 d to have no corrosion in 70% thick sulphuric acid and the oxy-hydrogen of 20% melt potassium solution in soak 28 d to have no corrosion phenomenon
2 , large
Large scale pottery decorations face plate is a kind of new-type high grade architectural decoration material, it is big to have the area of single block , thickness is thin , flatness is good , inhale water rate is little , resist to freeze , resist chemical corrosion , endure the advantages such as urgent cold urgent heat as well as construction convenience, and it has to draw the various functions such as art, calligraphy, scroll and wall painting. Product surface may make smooth or relief figure pattern , and uses with various colored glazes , may use to make building outside wall , the decoration of wall, wall skirt, corridor hall and pillar, especially, apply to the decoration of hotel, airport, station and quay. The major specification of product have: 595 mm脳295mm, 295 mm脳197mm and thickness are of 4 mm, of 5.5 mm, of 8 mm.
3 , brocade
Now, the pottery surface of our country of production brick besides various single colors, it still has wall painting and the various bright-colored polychrome or graceful patterns of the method production that adopts the applique and hand and seal of silk screen to paint , has beautified environment , and has raised decoration effect.
Brocade brick only may make the kind of various shapes and colors outside, return may with a view to go on with existing kind various put together to melt production and the design of pattern and wall painting. Pass for drawing original manuscript is going to create again, process magnifies , plate making , depict and match glaze and Shi You He roast etc. a series of process, adopting is free, some , apply, spray and fill to wait for various technology , making product have supernatural shape the artistic effect of having. The kind of pottery wall painting has the glaze of high temperature mainly in , glaze Cai and pottery relief. Carrying out wall painting the size of the brocade brick pieced together recovers is little, the degree of the distortion of wall painting also recovers is little, and it is still helpful for the control of the frame of wall painting.
4 , other
Besides above-mentioned product, our country still develops and studies in recent years and has produced a series of new-type product of architectural pottery. If have no Peng - Gao glazed tile, pottery colored ripple furring brick, colored granite glaze brick, dark porcelain decoration board as well as some products of architectural pottery produced using industrial waste residue.
The development
Expert foresees , the pottery
1, color
It has been popular and white , cream-colored
2, shape
The sales volumes of shape such as
3, specification
The big specification more than
4, impression
The good ceramic tile of high
5 , glaze
Ground brick glaze is many with fog
7th Zhang
Glass is to melt with the inorganic oxides such as quartz sand, soda ash and lime stone for major raw material and some supplementariness raw materials by high temperature , after becoming type, passes the solid that cools. What is different with pottery is that it has no setting non crystallization body quality same to sex material.
Glass is the one of major material of modern interior decoration. Along with glass and the needs of modern architectural development, make the leap progress on technology, glass is developing to many kind muti-function aspects. For instance, its product from is lighting and decoration function in the past merely, side with control light and regulation heat gradually , economize energy, control noise and reduction to construct dead weight , improve architectural environment , raise the various function developments such as architectural art, the glass new kind that has high decoration and various suitability appears constantly , is that the fit up of interior decoration has offered larger selectivity.
The basic knowledge
The classification
There are the kind of many glasses,
( one) according
1. Sodium
Sodium glass is formed mainly by oxidize silicon, oxidize sodium and oxidize calcium, again well-known sodium calcium glass or ordinary glass, containing iron impurity make product have the color of light green. Thermal stability, hot nature, optical nature and the mechanics nature of sodium glass are used to make ordinary glass and the glass product of daily use than difference.
2. Potassium
Potassium glass is to replace the partial oxidize sodiums in sodium glass with oxidize potassium , and raises the oxidize silicon content system in glass properly to become. Its hardness is greater, lustre is good, again claim to do hard glass. Potassium glass multi-purpose manufacture chemical instrument, utensil and high-grade glass product.
3. The glass
The glass of aluminum magnesium replaces oxidize silicon system, alkaline-earth metal oxide and the partial oxides of alkali metal in sodium glass with partial oxidize magnesiums and aluminas to become. Its mechanics nature, optical nature and chemical stability improve to make high-grade architectural glass.
4. Lead
Lead glass again weighs lead potassium glass and heavy glass or Jing quality glass. It is from oxidize lead, oxidize potassium and few oxidize silicon compositions. This kind of glass transparency has soft quality well , is easy to process , has higher reflectance and index of refraction solely, chemical stability is good , is used to make optical instrument, high-grade utensil and ornament.
5. Peng
Peng silicon glass again weighs heat-resisting glass, it is from oxidize Peng , oxidize silicon and few oxidize magnesium compositions. It has better lustre and transparency, mechanics performance is stronger, hear resistance, insulating properties and chemical stability are good to make high-grade chemical instrument and insulating material.
6. Quartz
Quartz glass is from pure oxidize silicon system becomes , it is also very good to have very strong mechanics nature, hot nature, optical nature and chemical stability, and can be used to make the special products such as the instrument lamps and lanterns and bactericidal lamp of high temperature through ultraviolet ray.
( 2) according
1. Plate
( 1) ordinary plate glass:
( 2) tempered
( 3) surface processing plate glass: Include polishing
( 4) Chan enter special extremely plate glass:
( 5) folder thing plate glass:
Answer layer plate glass: Ordinary mirror surface glass,
2. Glass
( 1) plate glass product: Include the products
( 2) not transparent glass product and different type glass product: Include glass brocade brick( mosaic), glass solid brick, glass hollow brick, crystal product, glass tiny pearl product and glass sculpture etc..
( 3) glass heat insulation and
2 and glass
Glass raw material is more complex , but may divide into major raw material and supplementary raw material according to its role. Major raw material forms the main part of glass the major physico-chemical nature that has determined glass , supplementary raw material gives glass particularity quality and gives to make technology , bring convenience.
1. The major
( 1) silicon sand or Peng sand: Silicon sand or Peng sand leads into glass major composition is oxidize silicon or oxidize Peng, them can melt alone in burning glass main part, have decided the major nature of glass , is called as metasilicate glass or the salt glass of boric acid correspondingly.
( 2) soda or Glauber's salt: Soda and Glauber's salt lead into the major composition of glass is oxidize sodium, they can form with the acid oxides such as silicon sand in forging to burn, is fusible to answer salt, have risen to help Rong role, make glass be easy type. But if content is too much, will make glass hot expansion rate increase , tension degree drops.
( 3) lime stone , dolomite and long stone: It is oxidize calcium that lime stone leads into the major composition of glass, strengthen glass chemical stability and mechanical strength, but content makes glass fold too much Jing and reduction hear resistance.
Dolomite action leads into the raw material
Grow stone in order to lead into the raw material of alumina, it may control to melt temperature, at the same time, may also raise endurance. Besides, long stone may still offer oxidize potassium composition , raises the hot expansion performance of glass.
( 4) broken glass: Generally speaking, when making
2. The supplementary
( 1) decolorant: The impurity in raw material can bring color and luster to glass as the oxide of iron , uses soda ash and sodium carbonate frequently , oxidize Gu , oxidize nickel etc. make decolorant, they present in glass, make glass become colorless with the complementary color of original color. Besides, still have and put color on impurity can form the chemical compound of light color fade dose, if sodium carbonate can become 2 2 oxidize irons with the oxidize of ferric oxide, makes glass change yellow by green.
( 2) coloring agent: Some metal oxides can directly dissolve in glass solution to make glass put color on. If ferric oxide makes glass present yellow or green, oxidize manganese, can present purple color, oxidize Gu can present is blue, it can present green if oxidize nickel can present brown, oxidize copper and oxidize chromium.
( 3) fining agent: Fining agent can reduce glass Rong the viscidity of liquid, making chemistry respond the bubble produced, is easy ease clarifies. General fining agent has white Pi , the sodium nitrate, ammonium salt, manganese dioxide and sodium of sulphuric acid.
( 4) milk turbid dose: Milk turbid dose can make glass become milky white color semitransparent body. It has ice spar and the fluorine sodium of silicic acid frequently with milk turbid dose , Lin melt tin. Them can form 0.1 - - 1 the particulate of m, suspension makes glass milk turbid in glass.
The manufacturing
The manufacturing engineering of glass has different kind because of product and is different, after but need basically mix various raw materials melt under high temperature, then use difference type method becomes glass liquid condensation the solid of different shape. Fig.7 - 1 is the glass product flow chart of manufacturing engineering.
Manufacture
Fig.7 the glass product
( 1) measure with burden: Assist silicon sand, soda, Glauber's salt, lime stone, dolomite, long stone, broken glass and other raw material, according to the glass kind produced requirement carries out difference to match than after stir is even.
( 2) melt: The raw material of good mixture melts in the kiln of high temperature of 1400-1600 鈩? one end of kiln is let constantly to expect , the glass liquid that melts succession since another end flows.
( 3) clarification: After glass raw material melts , crystallization meets with damage , at the same time, sulphate and carbonate decompose to produce to produce the gases such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and 3 oxidize sulphurs , produce bubble, must join fining agent to clear away bubble. The oxide that adopts arsenic makes fining agent, its role is the atmospheric bubble that it produces in rising process remove stingy bubble absorption , make glass liquid have clarified.
( 4) become type: Melt after glass the type temperature of reaching cools slowly, basis use becomes type for needs shape. The type method of plate glass has pouring France and rolling France , draw France and superficial France.
It presses glass to unfold to become board form if pouring law turns cylinder after being on iron plate the glass current that will melt. Rolling law is to have a pair to turn cylinder , will melt glass draws forth type along horizontal direction. May clip silk into type with this method glass, template glass and waveform glass. Draw law will melt with cylinder glass pulls along vertical direction into type, dividing into have groove law and have no groove law. Superficial law makes melt glass passes to melt metal( tin) surface, extend into annealing kiln to cool down annealing, go through cut become.
Decoration and
As the glass product after type, can not satisfy decoration or suitability , need to carry out processing in order to get the product of different requirement. By the glass after processing, not only make appearance and surface nature get improvement , have at the same time also raised decoration.
Construct the processing
1. Grind
The shape or neat smooth surface and size that makes product have needs, may adopt different abrasive grind , begin to grind with thick abrasive , then pursue level according to needs to use thin abrasive , become fine and tiny till glass surface. When needing , using again polish material, is going to be polished , make surface become smooth, transparent , and have lustre. After grinding and polishing rear glass, is called as polished glass.
General glass is diamond , corundum, carbonization silicon and carbonization Peng , quartz sand. Polished material has ferric oxide and oxidize chromium , oxidize Se etc. metal oxide. Polished plate is made normally with felt, wool and horse fragrant thoroughwort root etc..
2. Steel melts
Tempered glass is in stove will plate glass even heat up 600 - - 650鈩?afterwards, it is made that spurting compressed air make its surface quick and cooling, product has very high physical mechanics performance.
Clip the plate glass more than two pieces or two
Hollow glass takes out the air between
3. Finishing
Finishing is the very important
( 1) chemistry lose dose: Purpose is to change glass surface quality to form smooth surface and astigmatic surface. Corrode with hydrogen fluorine sour kind of solution , make glass surface present concave convex , or remove concave convex.
( 2) surface coloration: When high temperature or news superficial condition next metal ion meeting to glass surface layer proliferation, make glass surface present color, therefore may the metal of put color on ion , Rong the paste paste of salt and salt kind applies to cover when glass surface, when high temperature or news superficial condition takes off make glass surface put color on.
( 3) surface metal coating: Glass surface may plate a
The nature
The mechanics
The theoretical limit of tensile strength of glass is 12000Mpa, actual strengthes has only the 1/300- -1/200 of theoretical strength , is 30- -60Mpa normally, the compressive strength of glass is approximately 700- -1000Mpa. The various defects in glass have caused stress concentration or weak link, the size of test specimen the existence of the more big defect the more. The influence of defect to tensile strength is very remarkable , is less for the influence of compressive strength. The foreign impurity and wave tendon that causes on technology( chemical not even part) have obvious influence for the strength of glass. When the strength of glass in 50 - - + 70鈩?- scope does not change basically.
Friability is the major shortcoming of glass. The friability index of glass is 1300- -1500( rubber is 0.4- -0.6, steel is 400- -460, concrete is 4200- -9350). E explains the more that friability is the more big. The friability of glass may also determine according to impact experiment.
In actual application, glass product often gets to bend , stretch and assault stress, get compressed stress comparatively less. The mechanics nature major index of glass is tensile strength and friability index.
The optical
Optical nature is
It may produce transmission if light shines to glass surface, reflection and absorption 3 kinds of condition. Light is called as transmission through glass, light is stoped by glass, according to certain angle reflection, is called as reflection , after light passes through glass, a part of light energy loses in glass inside to be called as absorption.
In glass, smooth transmission decreases with glass thickness increase. The wavelength of reflecting for light of the light in glass no selectivity, the wavelength of absorbing for light of the light in glass has selectivity. May join few coloring agents in glass , make it select absorbing some lights of wavelength, but the pervious to lightance of glass reduces. Since still changing the chemical composition of glass, it is for visible light , ultraviolet ray, infrared ray and X-ray , and ray selects absorption.
The hot work
The specific heat of glass is concerning its chemical composition, in the scope of room temperature it than the scope by heat for 0.33 - - 1.05 103J/( kg? K). The coefficient of thermal conductivity of the glass of Table 7 of - 1
The name( kg/m3) coefficient
The chemical glass quartz glass quartz glass quartz glass brick 250024502210221022502500140166300 0.750.930.711.352.710.810.0520.0870.116
The coefficient of thermal conductivity of ordinary glass is approximately under room temperature 0.75W/( m? K). The coefficient of thermal conductivity of glass is approximately the 1/400 of copper, it is the material with lower coefficient of thermal conductivity. When occuring temperature to change , thermal stress that glass produces is very high. When temperature changes fiercely, glass can produce , is broken and split , urgent thermal stability of glass is eager to excel than urgently cold stability somewhat.
The chemical
Glass has higher chemical stability, besides it may resist the fluorine acid of hydrogen removal all sour kind Qin is turbid, metasilicate glass general not alkali resistance. Glass suffers aggressiveness medium corrosion, can also cause to go bad and be broken.
The atmospheric sum for that glass corrosion role is the roles such as water air, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide essentially. Practice proof, water air has larger aggressiveness than aqueous solution. Ordinary windowpane arises surface lustre for a long time after using to disappear , or has dark surface , even arises spot and oil form membrane , is to generate carbonate because of the alkalescence oxide in glass with the reaction of carbon dioxide in moist air to cause. This phenomenon is called as glass to go mouldy. May soak with acid the glass surface that goes mouldy , and heating up to 400 - - 450鈩?exclude membrane or the spot of surface.
Through the chemical composition that changes
The architectural
One and
Plate glass includes pulling to draw float glass and the ordinary plate glass of law production. Because of the performance that float glass has than ordinary plate glass more well, therefore introduce the relevant content of float glass only.
( Yi) product
1, float glass divides into 3, 4,
2, it is 3th class that float
The appearance quality
Defect name explanation
Optical deformed smooth angle of incidence is thick of 3 mm , 55
0.5 - 1 mm bubble long each
each square meter of 1 mm promise frequently long 1 - - 1.5 mm2 length 1 - - 1.5 mm3 length 1 - - of 1.5 mm, 4 long > 1.5 - -s are of 5 mm, 2' >Long > each square meter of 1 mm promise frequently long 1 -
The 0.3 - 1 mm long each
each square meter of 1 mm promise frequently long 1 - - 1.5 mm50mm side, 1 long 1 - - 1.5 mm1s grow 1- -2mm2' >Long > each square meter of 1 mm promise frequently
Cut width each square meter of 0.1 mm promise
0. 1 mm allows strip to not allow to have wide 0.1 - - of 0.5 m frequently per square meter, length wide 0.1 - - of 50 mm1 of 1 mm, length 100mm3' >Wide > 0. 1 mm allows strip to not allow to have wide 0.1 -
Each slice of glass that may see
The surface of fog spot ( touch tin and numb some and smooth distortion point ) is some as can't rub or stripe spot and each square meter allow several naked eyes to can't see spot form, diameter 2 mm, 4; Stripe form, width 2 mm, length 50 mm, it is 2
( 2) float glass
The appearance quality
( 3) application
Float glass uses mainly to make the door windowpane of building and the door window glasses of gangway diaphragm of automobile, train and boat , make mirror glass as well as the glass original flat of deep processing.
2 and tempered
Tempered glass is to heat up glass to be close to the temperature of glass softening point( 600 - - 650鈩? so as cool or use chemical method steel quickly to melt to handle the glass product of deep processing gotten. It has good mechanical performance glass and heat-resisting impact performance , and is called as reinforced glass.
Glass by handling surface has produced is even to press stress, its strength is the 3 - - 10 times of the glass that passes good annealing handling, anti-impact properties also rises greatly. Tempered glass arises reticulated slight crackle it is broken , or produces small broken grain, will not injure person , so again weigh safe glass. The heat-resisting impact performance of tempered glass is very good, biggest safe working temperature is 287.78鈩? and can bear the difference in temperature of 204.44鈩? So, may be used to make desiccator, radiation type gas heater and the observation window on the furnace door of high temperature.
Have better performance because of tempered glass, so, it when the professions such as auto industry, architectural project as well as the field of war industry have gotten extensive application. Use the building of the senior level frequently to door , window, curtain wall, shielding and shop window , warship and steamer porthole as well as tabletop glass.
Tempered glass has ordinary tempered glass , steel melts the kinds such as the polished tempered glass and glass of absorption of hear, now in the places such as Shanghai, Shenyang and Xiamen, there is production. The product of tempered glass has plane tempered glass, curved tempered glass, half tempered glass and regional tempered glass. Plane tempered glass uses mainly to make curtain wall, partition wall and the door window of architectural project; Bending tempered glass to use mainly make automobile vehicle windowpane; Half tempered glass uses mainly to make the glass window of greenhouse, greenhouse and partition wall etc.; Regional tempered glass uses mainly to make the glass of gangway diaphragm of automobile.
Tempered glass can not be cut , grinding, side angle can not touch to attack , when using , need to select ready-made size specification or put forward the specific paper processing of design drawing to order. Besides, tempered glass strictlies forbid to splash on spark in using process. Otherwise when it undergoes wind pressure or vibration again, scar will be expanded gradually, cause breakage.
3 and sandwich
Sandwich glass is two slices or inlay to clip transparent plastic slice between multichip plate glass, go through heat up , pressurization, adhering the curved compound glass product or plane that becomes. The impact resistance of sandwich glass exceeds few time by than ordinary plate glass. Glass breakage not split broken piece, produce radiation form slight crackle and few glass broken bits only, and scrap is still pasted on diaphragm, do not injure person. Therefore sandwich glass also belongs to safe glass. The pervious to lightance of sandwich glass is good, as 2 + the light transmittance of the thick glass of 2 mm is 82%. Sandwich glass returns have is durable, heat-resisting , endure wet, cold-resistant etc. nature.
Production the thick flat of sandwich glass may reflect with ordinary plate glass, float glass, tempered glass, stained glass, the glass of absorption of hear and heat glass. General thermoplastic resin slice is polyethylene pure old Ding Quan( PV.
There are the kind of many sandwich glasses, having to reduce thin sandwich glass, sunshade sandwich glass, electrothermal sandwich glass, bulletproof sandwich glass and glass fiber strengthen sandwich glass , report to the police sandwich glass and defence the soundproof sandwich glass and sandwich glass of ultraviolet ray.
Sandwich glass uses mainly to make some underwater projects and the skylight of door window, partition wall and industrial factory building of the glasses of gangway diaphragm of airplane and automobile, bulletproof glass as well as the building that has special safe requirement.
4 and hollow
In hollow glass, is formed by the original flat of plate glass more than two layers or two layers , frame glass and aluminum alloy with high-strength air-tightness compound adhesive all around glue knot and capsulation with rubber strip and glass strip, it is intermediate to serve as to enter dry gas , may still apply various colors or not the same sex can membrane, serve as in frame with drier, between with guarantee glass original flat the dry degree of air.
Glass original flat may clip silk glass with ordinary plate glass, tempered glass, pattern glass, hot reflection glass and the glass of absorption of hear and. Its processing method divides into the welding France and conflation France and France of adhesive bonding.
The major function of hollow glass is the sound insulation of heat insulation , is so again called as insulation glass. Normally, may reduce noise 30- -40dB; And defence closes frost performance well, temperature controls knot case than ordinary glass low 15鈩? Is the coefficient of heat transfer 3.09W/m2? K, and is the coefficient of heat transfer of ordinary glass( 3 mm thick) 7.19W/m2? K, heat consumption is the two times of hollow glass. Excellent hollow glass life-span may reach 25 years.
The application of foreign hollow glass is relatively ordinary. In 1990, America has 90% of houses, have used hollow glass. Some buildings that European country has for still stipulating must adopt hollow glass completely, prohibit ordinary glass to make windowpane. In recent years, as people have energy-saving function for building, the raising of importance knowledge and the application of hollow glass have also gotten attention in our country.
The program of our country for architectural energy saving requirement is: In first step 1995, residential energy consumption reduces 30%; Second step 2000 is former, will have energy-saving function 50%. To realize second step requirement , rely on the words of wall body and roofing energy saving only, it is big to not only make investment , and have effectiveness to slow; The energy saving that must have effectiveness less with investment quickly door window. According to expert estimate, constructing to use energy consumption take the 80%- -90% of architectural total energy consumption , and construct half that door window energy consumption asks to take building to use energy consumption. Therefore the hollow glass that has the remarkable role of energy saving has wide application prospect in architectural field.
Hollow glass extensive application needs the occasion of indoor air conditioner in high-grade house, hotel, hotel, the building of official business, school, hospital and shop etc., may also wait for place used in the door window of automobile, train and steamer.
5 and hot
Hot reflection glass is a kind of new-type glass product of geting plate glass via the handling of deep processing. It has higher hot reflection ability , and has maintained the pervious to lightance of plate glass , has good shading and heat proof quality. It is used in the places such as the door window and partition wall constructed.
The hot reflectance of reflection glass for solar radiation is as high as 30% around, and ordinary glass is 7%- -8% only, therefore, hot reflection glass can guarantee indoor temperature when day is suned stabilize , and make light soft , change the tone in building , avoid glare , have improved indoor environment. Geting gilded to belong to the hot reflection glass of membrane still have unidirectional perspective role, so use to do architectural curtain wall or door window, the glass palace that makes entire building become one to sparkle reflects around scenery change irregularly , may be called 1000 100 look forms, it is splendid and outstanding.
Hot reflection glass is when the surface of plate glass applies to cover metal or metal oxide membrane system become. Membrane includes the metals such as gold, silver, copper, aluminium, chromium, nickel and iron and its oxide; The method of plated film has hot solution and vacuum to splash to shoot France, chemical dipping process, the sediment France of gaseous phase and electrical superficial France.
The glass of hot
( one) radiate for
The radiation reflectance of solar energy
( 2) sunshade
Can prevent heat radiation efficiently
- 3 of Table 7 the
The kind thickness
The transparent
The glass 8 0.77
Hot reflection glass
Hot reflection double-deck
Two-sided bronze color
( 3) unidirectional
It denotes hot reflection glass when go to meet smooth one side to have the property of mirror , when is shaded one side have the transparent effect of ordinary glass. Daytime, people since indoor, through hot reflection glass curtain wall, may see the lively street scene that is heavy traffic outside , but outdoor cannot see indoor scenery , may play the part of screen shelter from role. The condition of night is happened on the contrary , takes affect because of the illumination of indoor light, the indoor thing that cannot see glass curtain wall gives person in order to not get the comfortable sense that external world disturbs. But shelter as being unfit for open place application curtain etc..
( 4) visible
The visible light of the thick hot reflection glass
Hot reflection glass should notice the following when applying: One is to prevent harming membrane layer in installation construction, weld spark must not fall down to membrane surface; 2 is to prevent that glass is deformed in order to avoid that arousing the "distortion" of image; 3 is to notice to eliminate the bad aftermath that glass reflect light may cause.
6 and the
Can maintain higher visible light transmittance,
The production of the glass of absorption of hear is when ordinary sodium - calcium in metasilicate glass joins the oxide that coloration takes affect , as ferric oxide, oxidize nickel and oxidize Gu as well as oxidize Xi etc.; Or when glass surface spray oxidize tin and oxidize Gu , the colored oxide membranes such as ferric oxide. Make glass bring color , and have the higher performance of absorption of hear.
The glass of absorption of hear divides into the grey green, ancient copper color of dark brown and golden, brown and blue etc. according to color; According to composition, minute is the metasilicate glass of absorption of hear , Lin the sour salt glass and light of absorption of hear deliver to change color glass and the glass of plated film.
The glass of
( Yi) absorption
Blocking 50% as the blue glass of 6 mm of absorption of hear the sun that controls radiation can. The solar energy of ordinary glass and the blue glass of absorption of hear is thorough and hot to lead to see table 7-4.
The ordinary glass of
Kind is thorough and hot
Air( expose space)
Ordinary glass( 3 mm)
Ordinary glass( 6 mm)
The blue glass( 3 mm)
The blue glass( 6 mm)
( 2) absorption
If 6 mm is ordinary, glass is of visible light, transmittance is 78%, also, the ancient copper color glass of thickness is 26% only. The glass of absorption of hear can make thorn purpose sunshine become soft, play the part of to turn over Xuan role. Can improve indoor illumination efficiently especially in scorching summer , make one feel that comfort is cool.
( 3) absorption
Can alleviate ultraviolet ray efficiently is for the infringement of human body and indoor goods. , especially organic material, if it is plastic, is easy to produce ageing and fade with furniture paint, under the role of ultraviolet ray.
( 4) have certain
Can observe outdoor
( 5) glass color
Before stoping , the glass of absorption of hear has been extensive to be used in the door window of architectural project or outside wall as well as the glass of gangway diaphragm of vehicle ship, play the part of lighting and heat insulation , defence Xuan role. The glass of absorption of hear may still carry out processing according to different use, system becomes polished glass, tempered glass and sandwich glass , mirror surface the glasses such as glass and hollow glass adds product deeply. Colorless Lin the sour salt glass of absorption of hear can absorb the radiation heat of infrared ray in large quantities, may put shadow as well as colored printing used in film copy and.
7 and glass
Glass mosaic again weighs glass brocade brick, its name originates from Latin, English is MOSAIC. History goes up , mosaic makes a general reference of to inlay artistic works , afterwards, finger is inlaid by the little piece of different color and the plane that becomes is decorated.
Glass mosaic is will length does not exceed the glass of shape and the various colors of 45 mm quality little piece shop pastes in a kind of decoration material on paper that made. The major difference of brick is its and pottery brocade: Glass quality structure submits milk turbid form or half milk turbid form, contain few bubbles and do not Rong particulate; The product section of single block submits wedge, there are sawtooth form in reverse side the ditch veins of or ladder form, in order to paste is strong.
Glass mosaic
( Yi) color and
" red orange Huang Lu Qing is blue and purple " Zhu color has , user may carry out choice according to different needs. , especially the Venus glass mosaic product of the production in recent years, besides the characteristic that has ordinary mosaic, can still reflect different color with the change of outside light, exactly similar Venus twinkles , is bright and dazzling. The mosaic of different color pattern may make up to put together the wall painting of all kinds of packing , decoration effect is very ideal.
( 2) quality is hard, performance
Since the section of glass mosaic is improved than ordinary pottery, eats ash deeply, it is better to glue knot, do not be easy to drop , endurance is better. So not dirt retention, day rain since Di, it is durable and frequently new.
( 3) price
General pottery mosaic is the 9 - - /m2 of
( 4) construction
Have reduced material to stack
Glass mosaic applies to the architectural
8 and other
( Yi) ground
Ground glass is again called as frosted glass, it sprays the surface of plate glass by machinery sand and handwork grind or use the method handlings such as hydrogen fluorine sour corrosion into even hair surface becomes. Since surface is rough, can only be pervious to light and can not have the room that disturbs X-rayed , multi-purpose needs Yin secret or do not receive , as the door window of bathroom, toilet and office, may also use to make blackboard.
( 2) pattern
Pattern glass is again called as to roll to spend glass , is to suppress with the cylinder with pattern pattern before plate glass is hardened , and becomes. Since the surface of pattern glass is uneven, has anomalous refraction light, may will concentrate light to scatter , make indoor light soft , and have certain decoration effect. Is used in the door window of office, meeting room, bathroom and public place frequently and is various and indoor to cut off.
( 3) folder
Pressing the wire net with good weave into the glass that had been softened make lined silk glass. This kind of glass resist to fold strength is high, resist impact ability and endure temperature the performance of drastic change is better than ordinary glass. Breakage its scrap adheres on steel wire, do not fly to injure person. It is thorough to be used in public architectural corridor, fireproof door, stairs, the skylight of factory building and various lighting rooves.
( 4) light
Join in glass to halogenate silver, or in glass and organic intermediate layer, join the sensitization chemical compound of aluminium and tungsten , can get light to deliver discoloration. Light delivers to change color glass gets solar or other light shinings, color changes dark gradually along with the strengthening of light; When shining stops , again recovers original color. Now, light delivers to change color the application of glass has developed beginning from glasses flat to traffic, medical science, photography, communication and architectural field.
( 5) cellular
Cellular glass is to add few gas evolution doses with glass broken bits for raw material, after being foaming, foaming stove takes off mould annealing a kind of porous light quality glass that becomes. Its hole rate may reach 80%- -90%, air vent many is enclose type, as aperture, it is 0.1 - - of 5 mm. Characteristic has low thermal conductance, mechanical strength is higher, apparent density is smaller than 160 kg/m3. Not thorough water , do not let in air , it can be fireproof , the strong performance of frost resistance of sound insulation is good. May cut, tack and get into. It is good heat insulating materials , may use to make wall and roofing insulation , or is used in the sound insulations of music room and broadcasting studio.
( 6) laser
The glass of laser ( the transliteration of English Laser ) is a kind of new-type architectural decoration material with popular ten point on world. It is the geometry grating with plate glass as base material and the structural material that adopts high stability that so forms holographic grating or other graphs by special technology handling. When same a glass goes up may form 100 kinds of pattern.
The characteristic of laser glass lies in , when it is in any shining of light source take off , will take affect because of diffraction and produce the change of color; , for same one, receive light spot or receive smooth surface, as the visual angle of incident smooth angle and person difference, pattern and the color of the light that produces will be also different. It is multicolored to change irregularly to person with magical, luxurious and pleasant feelings. It is that other materials can not compare that it decorates effect.
Laser glass may divide into two kinds by and large: A kind of become with ordinary plate glass for the system of base material, is used in the decoration of the positions such as wall surface, window and ceiling mainly; Another kind becomes with tempered glass for the system of base material , is used in ground decoration mainly. Besides, it still has to be used in the laser glass of curved surface of cylinder decoration specially , is used in laser glass brick as well as the laser glass of intermediate layer of massive curtain wall specially.
The technical quality of laser glass is very fine. The laser floor tile of tempered glass resist impact and wear-resisting, hardness etc. performance to be better than marble , close with granite stone. Laser glass endure ageing life-span is more than plastic 10 times. When normal use condition takes off , its life-span is larger than 1950. The reflectance of laser glass may adjust wantonly in the scope of 10% - - 90% , therefore may satisfy the requirement of user to the maximum extent.
Now, the domestic biggest size of the laser glass
Laser glass is used in the cultural entertainment venues such as hotel, hotel and cinema as well as the ideal of commercial facility decoration material, also apply to ground, wall surface and the ceiling of civil house and enclose the decoration of balcony etc.. Besides, may be still used to make furniture, lamp decorations and other decoration goods.
( 7) glass
Glass brick again weighs specially thick glass, minute is solid brick and hollow brick. Solid glass brick uses to melt glass adopts the mechanical rules of mold pressing made type piece form product. Hollow glass brick is from box type mould the concave shape half piece glass brick of pressing , then again will two pieces of concave shape brick Rong the side that closes or glues to receive type or rules type overall hollow product. Brick internal and external may die-casting various stripes, hollow brick may divide into single cavity and two cavities according to internal structure, the latter has a glass rib among cavity. Glass hollow bricks has 115, 145, 240 and the specification such as 300 mm; May make with stained glass, also may the cavity in it applies decorations with transparent paint. The unit weight of glass hollow brick is lower( 800 kg/m3). Coefficient of thermal conductivity lower <0.46W/( m? K ), > has enough light transmittance( 50%- -60%) and scattering rate( 25%). It the cavity different figure of making may make foreign light proliferation or make it to designated direction refraction, it has special optical property.
Glass brick may be used to build pervious to light partition wall , pour to apply to cut off between , stairs , entrance hall and passageway control the pervious to light occasion with direct sunshine and glare with needs.
9, decorate
( Yi) glass
Glass fiber general finger uses to make the raw material of glass , uses special facility by high temperature after melting to pull system or uses compressed air and the steam of high voltage to spray to blow , centrifugal type etc. method system the glass form fiber or thread thing that becomes.
There are the kind of many glass fibers, its chemical composition, production methods, form, performance and use are also not identical , therefore also have different classification , but may divide into 3 big kinds according to fiber form and length general interest:
1. Continuous glass fiber or name weaving glass fiber. Its production methods major melt glass liquid flows by the leakage board of high temperature resistant material produce, pulling with with high speed revolving cylinder make many root fiber bundles and become. After weaving processing, may make voile, cloth, tape and the rope and have no to twist the products such as thick yarn.
2. The glass fiber or name of fixed length glass long cotton. It is the disorderly ultimate fibre of a root , may make mat or wool yarn, wool yarn may also make cloth and tape. The glass fiber of fixed length sprays with high speed air current blow or will melt glass liquid to pull the fiber of making after again go through cut system become.
3. Glass cotton. Glass cotton is a kind of fiber glass of shorter length fiber, on form, organization is fluffy, such as cotton wadding, is also called as glass short cotton. Glass short cotton is to spray by steam to blow , centrifugal process , is centrifugal to spray to blow and flame sprays blow etc. method processing becomes.
It is little that glass fiber has unit weight, coefficient of thermal conductivity is low, sound absorption is good , filter efficiency is high , do not burn , is anti-corrosive to wait for fine performance, may weave glass fiber wall covering fabric with its long fiber, glass fiber cloth, by resin, glues the system after knot heat presses into the decoration board of glass fibre reinforced plastic, glass cotton presses the processing glass cotton decoration board of making by heat.
( 2) glass fiber
In glass fiber wall covering fabric is so as alkali glass fiber cloth is base material, surface is applied with wear-resisting resin , is printed with colored pattern and becomes. Its color is bright-colored, pattern is numerous, is a kind of fine decorations surface material. When indoor use, have not Ken color , do not age , is anti-corrosive , do not burn , not the fine properties such as moisture absorption, and is easy to be under construction , may scrub , apply to ceiling and the wall surface of room in architectural, vehicle ship etc. , beam column etc. paste surface to decorate to use.
Wall covering fabric pastes on wall surface, when the 15鈩?of room temperature and the 9% of relative humidity, by 24 hours, its hygroscopicity does not be larger than 0.5%. Boil in 1% of soapsudses do not fade. On cement wall, lime wall, paint wall, the wall of emulsion paint, gypsum board wall and laminating board wall, may directly paste. Its physical, mechanical performance sees table 7-5.
The glass fiber wall
Index name density( root / cm) fracture strength( kg
By latitude,
Index value 20 卤1 16 卤1 65 55 twill 170 - - 200
( 3) glass the
The glass cotton decoration board of sound absorption is to join preservative, dampproof dose and the adhesive of suitable quantity with glass cotton for major raw material , presses processing by heat the panel that becomes.
It is light that the glass cotton decoration board of sound absorption has quality , sound absorption , the fireproof characteristics such as heat insulation and warm keeping, beautiful grace, construction convenience, used in cinema, hall, music hall, broadcasting studio and recording studio etc., may control and adjust indoor reverberation time , eliminate echo , improve indoor tone quality , raise the clarity of speech sound. Is used in hotel, hospital, office, meeting room, market as well as noisy place, between factory workshop and instrument control , machine room, may reduce indoor noise level , improve living environment and working conditions. When this at the same time it has also played the part of the role of interior decoration.
Specification and the
The specification and
Kind specification(
The glass cotton board 303脳303
The glass fiber bitter
The half hard glass fiber
The hard glass cotton decoration board 300脳400
The ship shape glass cotton
( 4) glass
Glass fibre reinforced plastic is that glass fiber strengthens plastic coarse name, it is is taking glass fiber and its product as strengthening material, with synthetic resin as binder, by a kind of certain new-type material that type method produce becomes. It has concentrated the advantage of glass fiber and synthetic resin, it is light to have weight , strength high, hot performance is good , news performance is fine, anti-corrosive , resist magnetism and type manufacture the fine properties such as convenience. Its quality is light , strength near steel, therefore, people are called as it frequently glass fibre reinforced plastic.
The decoration board of glass fibre reinforced plastic is with glass fiber cloth as strengthening material, so as do not saturate polyester resin is adhesive, under the role of solidified dose and catalyst by the decoration panel that processes.
The decoration board color many shapes of glass fibre reinforced plastic, the beautiful grace shines of paint film and hardnesses are high, wear-resisting , acid-resisting alkali , is high temperature resistant, it is a kind of fine material of interior decoration. Apply to to paste when various grass-rootses and panels make architectural decoration and furniture superficially to use.
The decoration board product
The decoration board product
Specification(
1700 920,700 500 thick, carefully wooden veins,
The wooden veins, stone veins,
2000脳850 0.5 wooden veins, stone
2000脳850 0.5 wooden veins, stone
1850脳850 0.5 wooden veins, stone
1700脳850 0.5 wooden veins, stone
( 1000-2000) ( 100-200) wood veins, stone
150 150,500 500 artificial marbles
It is of 900脳1000, 2000, 1500, 2000
The Guangxi suitable
The various patterns
1800脳850 0.5 wooden veins, stone
8 Zhang
Paint denotes coating in object surface, glue knot well with base material and form the material of complete and tenacious diaphragm. Since when object surface forms dry membrane, so, again claim film or coating. Used in the paint of protection and the decoration of building, is called as architectural paint.
It is light that architectural paint and other decorations surfaces have weight compared with material , color is distinct , adhere force winner and construction simple and convenient, province work province material and repair convenient, quality sense rich, price honest quality is good as well as endure water , endure pollution , endure the characteristics such as ageing. If the outside wall of building is decorated with colored paint, it gives person more than traditional decoration project with fresh, refined, straightforward, rich beautiful feeling , and can get better artistic effect; Common relief kind of paint has strong three-dimensional sense; Waiting with dyeing quartz sand, porcelain grain and mica powder reach Cai sand paint again has color and luster novel also sparkling and crystal-clear gorgeous good effect; Use thick quality paint by spray , roll to spend , the processes such as La-Mao the figure that may get different quality sense; And the quality sense of thin quality paint is more fine and smooth, more province material. The architectural paint industry of our country begins from 1960 decade, in the middle of 70 decade along with the development of petroleum chemical engineering industry, paint industry also has more rapid development correspondingly. Especially in last few years, country develops new-type, efficient architectural paint to accelerate , constructs and introduces some productions of paint one after another to install , draw as Beijing eastern chemical factory to build third Xi sour fat kind of whole set of equipment, it will have great promotion role for the development of paint industry.
Constructing paint is present output the one of biggest housing materials with the most broad application. Architectural paint kind is numerous, according to statistics, the paint of our country has had the kind more than 100. Normally according to use, position divides into outside wall paint , wall paint and ground paint; According to the resin contained in major membrane material, may divide into paint, natural resin and pure sour resin kind , third Xi sour resin , assemble fat resin and supplementary material kind of etc. share 18 kinds; According to the chemical composition of major membrane material, divide into organic paint, inorganic paint and compound paint, in which organic paint again divides into solvent type, have no solvent type dissolve with water type or water emulsion type, water dissolves type and water emulsion type general designation are the paints of swimming skill; According to the winner of the lustre of paint film, it is weak and divides into paint to have no smooth, half light( or name plain glass) and lustrous etc. kind; According to the quality sense that forms film , may divide into thin quality paint, thick quality paint and granular paint.
Architectural
1, protection
Architectural paint is applied through brushing to apply and rolling or the construction methods such as spray, coating when building is superficial, form continuous membrane, thickness is moderate , has certain hardness and toughness, and have is wear-resisting , endure time , endure chemical corrosion as well as resist the functions such as pollution, may raise the service life of building.
2, decoration
Constructing paint the coating formed can decorate beautifulness building. If in paint Chan add thick, thin bone material, adopt La-Mao and spray again and roll the methods such as flower are under construction , the coating that may get various veins, patterns and quality senses makes building produce different all loud artistic effect in order to reach the purpose that beautifies environment and decorates building.
3 improving
Architectural paint can raise indoor brightness, play the part of the role of sound absorption and heat insulation; The paint of some special purposes can still make building have fireproof, waterproof, moldproof, antistatic etc. function.
Is on the construction things such as industrial architectural, road facility , paint may still play the part of sign role and color regulation role, while beautifying environment, have raised the safe consciousness of people , have improved psychological situation , have reduced unnecessary loss.
The basic composition
Paint is most early with the natural fat and natural resin of vegetable oil, is major raw material as linseed oil, tung oil, rosin and raw lacquer etc., so before, is called as paint. Now, a lot of new-type paints do not use the fat of vegetable oil, synthetic resin has replaced natural resin greatly. Therefore our country has formally adopted this paint name, paint only is a kind of oil paint just.
According to the role in paint that group takes each for dividing , may divide into to become membrane material, less important membrane material and the membrane material of assisting mainly. As Fig.8 - a show.
One and major
Also weigh adhesive mainly into membrane material or firmly dose. Its role is to divide the other groups in paint to glue to form one body, make paint adhere when have been applied the surface of grass-roots to form tenacious diaphragm. As major membrane material, it is the chemical compound of high polymer or can form the quality of organic matter of the chemical compound of high polymer after becoming membrane. Such as synthetic resin or natural resin as well as animals and plants oil etc..
( Yi)
In paint industry, oil( major for vegetable oil) is a kind of major raw material , is used to make various oil kind of processing products, varnishes, paints and oils to alter sexual synthetic resin as well as use as plasticizer. In at present paint production, the kind that contains vegetable oil still takes greater proportion.
The oil kind of minute applied
( 2) resin
Paint has natural resin, artificial resin and synthetic resin with resin. Natural resin denotes natural material the resin made by handling, there are rosin and insect sticky and pitch etc. mainly; Artificial resin department from the organic chemical compound of high polymer the resin made by processing , as rosin glycerine ester( ester glue) , nitrify fiber; Synthetic resin department from monomer go through get together or shrink to assemble and make get, as pure sour resin, ammonia base resin and third Xi sour ester, epoxy resin and polyurethane. In which composing resin paint is the output in modern paint industry is biggest , kind the most paint with the most broad application.
2, it is
It is pigment and packing that less important membrane material major group divides ( some is called as coloration pigment and extender). But it can not leave to become membrane material mainly and forms film alone.
( Yi)
Pigment is a kind of colored material that does not dissolve in a kind of tiny powder forms of water, solvent or paint base material , can scatter evenly in paint medium, apply in object surface to form color layer. Pigment can not only make coating have the certain ability of covering in constructing paint , increases coating color, and the strength that can still strengthen the very film. Pigment still has to prevent ultraviolet ray wear thorough role, so, may raise the ageing resistance of coating and endure time.
There are the kind of many pigments, according to their chemical composition, may divide into organic pigment and inorganic pigment; According to their source, may divide into natural pigment and synthetic pigment; According to the role that they take , may divide into white pigment, coloration pigment and extender.
( 2) packing
Packing is again called as extender. They do not have
In architectural paint,
3, assist
( Yi) solvent
Solvent and water are the major compositions of the architectural paint of liquid state, after paint applies brush on grass-roots, solvent and water evaporation and paint are dried gradually to harden , form even, continuous film eventually. They do not stay in film finally , therefore are called as the membrane material of assisting. Solvent and water and film form and its quality and cost etc. have close relation.
Compound solvent type synthetic resin paint choice organic solvent, should first consider organic solvent for base material resin dissolve force, besides, should still consider the very organic solvent volatility , flammability and toxicity etc. as compound the adaptability of paint.
( 2) auxiliaries
Constructing paint the auxiliaries kind of use is numerous, general have some kinds of following types: Drier, solidified dose, catalyst, initiator, plasticizer, the absorbent of ultraviolet light, antioxidant and age resistor. Some function paints need to still adopt the auxiliaries that has special function , if fire retardant coating expands with the auxiliaries of flame retardant, type fire retardant coating uses foaming dose.
The architectural
The kind of architectural paint is numerous,
A, outside
Outside wall paint major function is the outside wall surface of decoration and protective building , makes building appearance neat and beautiful , so reaches the purpose of beautifulness city environment. At the same time, can play the part of the role of protecting building outside wall , prolong its use with time. Get good decoration and protection effect, as outside wall paint, it should have following characteristic:
( 1) decoration is good. Ask outside wall
( 2) endure swimming skill well. Outside wall surface exposes , is in atmosphere , will often get rainwater erode , so as outside wall paint should have very good endure swimming skill can. Its some waterproof type outside wall paint water-resistances can be much better , when grass-roots wall occurs little crack , coating still has waterproof function;
( 3) endure to stain sex well. It is rear that the dust in atmosphere and other materials stain coating, coating can lose decoration efficiency, thus ask outside wall decoration layer not to be easy to clear away easily after being stained or stained by these materials;
( 4) endure time well. The coating that exposes in atmosphere will undergo the roles such as sunlight, rainwater, wind sand and cold hot change. Under this kind of factor relapse role, general coating can occur crack , the phenomenon of peeling off and taking off powder and changing color , make coating lose original decoration and protect function. Therefore as the coating of outside wall decoration, ask to, in assigned time limit, not occur the above-mentioned phenomenon that is broken , have is good to endure time. Besides, outside wall paint should still have construction and repair convenient, price reasonable etc. characteristic.
Construct the major type
Fig.8 the building of
( Yi) solvent
Solvent type paint is to compose resin with high polymer to join auxiliaries, packing and the pigment of certain quantity mainly into membrane material and organic solvent to dilute dose, by mixture , stir to dissolve , grind a kind of volatility paint compounded. Contain the volatilization of solvent after applying brush in outside wall surface, in paint into membrane material not volatilize with other to organize minute form coating i.e. the membrane of even succession together. Is more close because of film, usually, it has better hardness and lustre , endures swimming skill and acid-resisting alkalescence and is good to endure time , endure the characteristics such as contamination. But since construction is easy from time to time in large quantities, the organic solvent volatilization endured pollutes environment easily. The permeability difference of paint film also has hydrophoby ,such as being under construction on moist grass-roots , is easy to produce skin , drop etc. phenomenon. Because of these reasons, this kind of domestic and international outside wall paint is lower than emulsion type outside wall paint with quantity. In recent years developing get up solvent type third Xi acid outside wall paint, it is very outstanding that it endures time and decoration, durable time limit is more than 1910 , construction period is also shorter , and may be used under lower temperature. Abroad, it is very good to have to endure time and water proofing property , and it may reach 15 years more if the polyurethane outside wall paint that has high elasticity is durable to expect.
The major kind of solvent type paint has been chlorine ethylene outside wall paint, it is our country uses synthetic resin paint to make building the one of earliest kind of outside wall decoration. Besides chlorine ethylene, wall paint is taking passing chlorine vinyl as major membrane material , and uses other few resins, wait for material again by addition of plasticizer, stabilizing agent, packing and pigment, go through hold and , mix to refine , mould to melt , cut grain to dissolve , filter etc. process a kind of solvent type outside wall paint made.
Besides chlorine ethylene, wall paint has dry rapid, construction convenience , endure time well , endure chemical corrosivity winner , endure water , endure mould good etc. characteristic, but it adhere force differs from comparatively, when compounding , should choose proper synthetic resin, with strengthening it adheres force. Error chlorine vinyl solvent release difference, so film though shows trunk very quickly, but complete trunk is thorough and very slow , only until doing completely after thorough, just change hard and is nearly impossible to strip.
Major membrane material is around 10% for passing chlorine vinyl and using quantity in paint. Join pure sour resin frequently , phenol Quan resin and third burn to ache resin , obey Ding Xi 2 acids Gan the synthetic resins such as resin, pass chlorine Yi Ran Wai with improvement wall paint adhere the performances such as force, lustre, full-grown degree and endurance.
In passing chlorine ethylene outside wall paint, general plasticizer is 2 2 neighboring benzene shell sour cubes esters, it is approximately by addition of quantity 30%-40%. After chlorine vinyl under the role of light and heat, the purpose that arouses resin decomposition easily and joins stabilizing agent is to prevent resin to decompose , prolong the life-span of film. General stabilizing agent is 2 salt bases Ya-Lin sour lead, it is around 2% with quantity, it is 9th class that other stabilizing agents still has the sour barium of castor oil, low carbon sour barium and absorbent UV - of ultraviolet ray.
General pigment and packing
( 2) emulsion
The outside wall paint with the synthetic resin emulsion of high polymer as major membrane material is called as emulsion type outside wall paint. According to emulsion manufacture method, difference may divide into two kinds: One gets together from monomer through emulsion the emulsion of technology direct synthesis; 2 is to compose resin by high polymer to pass through the emulsification method emulsion that makes. According to the quality sense of paint, may again divide into emulsion paint( thin type emulsion paint), thick quality paint and colored sand wall form paint.
Now, the most of emulsion type outside wall paints get together from emulsion the emulsion of method production action major membrane material. The major characteristic of emulsion type outside wall paint is as follows:
( 1) with water is scatter medium, in paint without
( 2) construction convenience, may
( 3) paint permeability is good, and contain
( 4) external use emulsion type paint endure time is good, especially high-quality third Xi its sour ester outside wall emulsion paint brightness , endure time , endure the various performances such as swimming skill and endurance may with solvent type third Xi sour ester kind of outside wall paint compares;
( 5) emulsion the type existent major problem of outside wall paint is that it can not form excellent film under too low temperature, usually, must be under construction more than 10鈩?to guarantee quality , is so unfit for application as winter.
Fig.8 the kind of
The kind of our country
1 , benzene
Benzene - third emulsion paint is with styrene - third Xi sour ester copolymerization emulsion( abbreviation benzene - third emulsion) are major membrane material, wait by addition of pigment, packing and auxiliaries, after scattering and mixing compounding besides the emulsion type that becomes wall paint.
Pure third Xi the paint that sour ester emulsion compounds , have is fine to endure time and protect light and color retention, is suitable for outside wall to apply to pack. But price is more expensive, have restricted its use. Replace the shell base third in pure third emulsion with a part of or all styrenes Xi the sour shell ester benzene made - third emulsion paint, still have is good to endure time and protect smooth color retention, and price has greater reduction. Benzene - third paint still has fine alkali resistance , endure swimming skill, appearance is fine and smooth, color is bright-colored, quality sense is good , is suitable for outside wall very much to apply to pack. From resource, the analysis of fabrication cost and the outside wall emulsion paint that is the suitable national conditions of our country, now, domestic production has greater quantity. Use benzene - the various type outside wall emulsion paint that third emulsion compounds , performance is better than Yi - third emulsion paint. Is used to compound lustrous paint, glossiness is higher than Yi - third paint, and since the pigment adhesion of benzene - third emulsion is good, compounding Gao Yan( fill ) material volume density use paint, performance is better, on economy, it is also favorable.
Benzene - the third emulsion
The benzene of Table 8
Performance
Is dried with time, table trunk gets right on the job solid content endures swimming skill, 23 卤2 鈩? the alkali resistance of 96 h, saturation Ca( OH) 2, 48 h endures to wash off the sexual soap liquid of 0.5% , 1 times endure stain( white and light color), five times circulating reflection coefficient decrease rate is frozen to melt stability, - 5 卤1 鈩? 16h, 23 卤2 鈩?8h, three times circulating 2h12h45%
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